Developing and applying theories in a pluralistic society – The Person Centred Method

For this task I will consider Carl Roger's individual focused technique and it's application to lesbian ladies in a pluralist society, I will draw upon the hypothetical casing work recently utilized in my introduction. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was the author of the individual focused technique his speculations are related with the Humanistic brain science it is likewise connected with Maslow(1908-1970) and phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is a philosophical evaluation of the individual it was created by Husserl (1975), the attention is on the abstract understanding. The strategy included requires the expert to suspend their supposition and translation of the customer's reality, along these lines permitting the customer to decipher and investigate their own encounters and contemplations. It is critical to consider the setting in which mental hypotheses conceptualized and created. Humanistic brain science created in the modern age and in the 50's and 60's it in this way puts extraordinary significance on the person as an individual taking a stab at freedom, self actualisation and their most extreme potential. Dryden et al (1989) have likewise given a diagram of the sources of the humanistic hypothesis, that these were in the well-off time of the 50's and 60's in California, terms, for example, self actualisation, can be only a ‘slogan' that is applied with no genuine significance, when differentiated between the prosperous, hopeful society of California, it can have an alternate importance for those individuals that are in neediness are jobless or destitute. The idea of self actualisation which is viewed as essential by clinicians, for example, Rogers can be investigated comparable to lesbian ladies and how society conceptualizes them. Homosexuality has been seen by psychotherapists and specialists as a psychological instability, and was considered as such until 1974 when the American Psychiatric Association declassified it, anyway there was extensive resistance to this from psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and ‘medical model' therapists ( Mcleod J, 1998), in-truth psychotherapy was utilized to attempt to ‘cure' homosexuality. Despite the fact that crafted by Rogers' has energized progress and has been related with development away from the past clinical model of psychological maladjustment, one the downsides of Rogerian individual focused treatment out lined by Ivey et al (1997) is that it is a ‘highly verbal' strategy, which is over-worried about the more profound importance of life instead of handling issues and discovering arrangements. Subsequently it may not be fit to all customers particularly those with emotional well-being issues and so forth. Roger's treatment known as ‘person focused' and non-mandate meant to change the level of influence towards that of the customer, and to regard the person as a ‘client' instead of a patient. Anyway this point can be bantered regarding whether the perceived leverage is really moved and the control is with the beneficiary, instead of the supplier of the treatment. Analysis of treatments, for example, Rogerian, psychodynamic and subjective conduct as indicated by Ivey et al (1997) is that they place duty regarding the issue with the customer as opposed to thinking about auxiliary, political and natural issues that are applicable to the customers experience. The individual focused technique comparable to lesbian ladies should be applied such that is touchy to them, along these lines if the advisor is male he should know that he doesn't force his own suppositions and translation onto the customer, right off the bat about his thoughts regarding ladies' jobs inside society and as nurturers, spouses and moms, furthermore cliché recognitions about lesbianism. Women's activists condemn models of the helping relationship which have their roots in the white working class male belief system, they relate this to the manner in which a man centric culture persecutes ladies into accommodating jobs, Banks (1999) likewise questions whether male specialists can approve a female customers encounters in a male ruled society. Hetro-sexual ladies can likewise persecute lesbians through negative suppositions and homophobia that can prompt overwhelming our own qualities and presumptions about lesbian connections, McLeod (1998) gives a genuine model where a female specialist attempted to effectively urge her lesbian customer to date men. The individual focused methodology places specific accentuation on the utilization of the center conditions, genuiness, unlimited positive respect and sympathy, and its perspective on human instinct is sure and idealistic in contrast with Freudian brain research. The center conditions out lined by Rogers has a fundamental impact in building a remedial relationship, between the advisor and the customer. From my expert experience when filling in as training social specialist identifying with a young pregnancy, the young lady was fifteen years of age and Asian. I was shocked when she said that she thought she was a lesbian, anyway working with the youngster and applying Rogers center conditions, of genuiness, compassion and unrestricted constructive respect, empowered me to understand that individuals need to find their sexuality and who the genuine individual is; society can put pressure on youngsters to fit in with the standards of a white, hetero society and along these lines place states of worth on them. Unlimited positive respect which is tolerating the customers encounters without judgment is fundamental in building a remedial relationship, notwithstanding if the advisor has ingested negative, homophobic suspicions about homosexuality, from the general public that he/she lives in then these may intentionally or unknowingly be moved on to the customer. Humanistic psychotherapist Don Clark (1987) has communicated that restorative impartiality is difficult to keep up, since we have accepted society's negative generalizations of homosexuality, he has expressed that â€Å"it is pompous to expect that advocates who have been instructed about important ideas, for example, unrestricted positive respect can apply them with gay-lesbian customers on the off chance that they don't know about their own hetero or homophobia biases† (Davies and Neal,1996) A lesbian ladies may for instance think that its hard to grapple with her own sexuality, as a result of adverse generalizations and shame related with it, â€Å"Lesbian ladies are raised to see themselves as a half individual without a man, they may consider union with be a way to self-awareness, grown-up hood, opportunity, and motherhood†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( Davies and Neal,1996) the instructor may in this manner need to empower the lesbian lady to reestablish her confidence and her idea of being a lady, the customary female jobs, as mother and spouse may not be generalizations that she desires. The effect of Homophobia on the self idea of a lesbian lady will make states of worth, in this way lesbians may feel they are not commendable people on the off chance that they are not hetero, don't have youngsters, have a male accomplice and carry on as society anticipates that ladies should do. Bradshaw (1998) has characterized the idea of ‘Toxic disgrace' comparable to disguised homophobia inside the self-idea. This idea can't be completely comprehended without the utilization of an increasingly varied way to deal with advising in light of the fact that it expresses that the self idea can become, delicate and a bogus self idea can create, through forswearing, this might be cognizant or oblivious however it will be because of the dread of revelation. Poisonous disgrace can prompt the advancement of protections which can prompt liquor, substance misuse, self destruction endeavors, removing oneself from others, underachievement or over-accomplishment and so forth. Being utilitarian or useless person is especially applicable to how lesbian ladies' personality and self idea creates, turning out to be practical individual requires having the option to utilize ones own organismic esteeming process, which augments the possibility to develop and turn into the genuine self. The useless individual lives to meet the estimations of others to get love and regard. Coming out as a lesbian accordingly is laden with nervousness and even risk of dismissal by family, companions and network. The essential inquiry is will they be esteemed by society in the event that they come out as Lesbian? The organismic need to come out and be acknowledged as a lesbian ought to be encouraged by the advisor to empower the customer to acknowledge their genuine character; anyway the customer ought to be prepared to do this time permitting. In this way acknowledgment from the advisor or social specialist or other expert is a basic initial step. Anyway advisors just as different experts, for example, social laborers can without much of a stretch mistreat lesbian ladies, a model from my training experience when working with the Education Welfare administration for a situation where the youngster was not going to class consistently, during the home visit the customer uncovered that her relationship with her significant other had separated and that she had begun a lesbian relationship, this quickly driven me to make the supposition that the kid's non-participation might be identified with this new relationship. On reflection I saw that it was so natural to hop to an end identifying with same sex connections and would I have made a similar supposition if the relationship was with an accomplice of the other gender? Drawing from my own experience I notice how effectively experts from helping associations can make suspicions that can prompt separation and persecution, when working in an asylum for defenseless ladies that had been the casualties of abusive behavior at home, a Black lady with four youngsters went to the inside it was expected consequently by the individual from staff bringing down her history that the injurious accomplice was male. The lady found that she needed to clarify that she was in a lesbian relationship, and the damaging accomplice was another lady. This is a genuine model where social suspicions and generalizations where ladies are seen to be compliant, inactive people that are the survivors of abusive behavior at home instead of its culprits. It additionally shows that assum

The Development Of Womens Football

The Development Of Womens Football Britain is known for the home of football, in any case, womens football despite everything gets almost no open acknowledgment. Not at all like nations, for example, Norway, Germany, and the USA, which are viewed as a portion of the main womens football countries, Womens football in England gets a lot of lower status, fame and acknowledgment. This paper will investigate the historical backdrop of womens football, how womens football is presented to the media, the connection between womens football, government and financial aspects lastly the effect that womens football has on society today. The primary English womens football crew, The British Ladies, was established in 1884. Be that as it may, the genuine establishment stone for womens football was laid during World War 1. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, there was a huge number of new openings for regular workers ladies who were called up to work in plants and who played in sorted out groups to fund-raise for the war exertion. Dick Kerrs women proceeded to be one of the best women football crews in the nineteenth century. Pfister et al (1999) clarified that The advancement of Dick Kerrs women embodies that the standard of womens football had risen extensively since its initial years and players currently prepared routinely and efficiently so as to improve their condition as well as to refine their ball abilities and practice strategic moves. In 1920, Dick Kerrs women were named to become Englands national football crew, the prominence of womens football ceaselessly advanced and by 1921 there were 150 womens football crews in England. Because of the developing prevalence of womens football, it was viewed as a danger towards the control of football by men. This prompted FA crusading against womens football. The FA lead bogus incriminations towards the womens game, blaming them for abuse of good cause cash and poor budgetary administration just as having suppositions on clinical and moral factors that ought to keep ladies from playing football. The accompanying goals was embraced; Protests having been made as to Football being played by ladies, Council feel actuated to communicate their solid conclusion that the game is very unsatisfactory for females and ought not be supported (Williamson, 1991). In December 1921 womens football in England was at last restricted. They were restricted from playing on FA class grounds and any authorities, coaches and clubs were suspended for being associated with womens football. Somewhere in the range of 1921 and 1972 the womens game was constrained underground and the ladies kept on playing without a group structure. Because of the England mens group winning the world cup in 1966 the renaissance of womens football began to start and on the first November 1969, the Womens Football Association of England was established as the replacement of the English Ladies football affiliation. In 1985, the womens England group triumphed in the Italian Little World Cup and afterward won for a second time in 1988. Anyway in 1991, because of the fast development of investment, the expanded authoritative prerequisites, and the solid custom of volunteerism, the destruction of the WFA started. In November 1993, the FA consolidated the WFA. Therefore womens football started to improve under the FA. For instance, Umbro and Adidas started to flexibly womens groups with gear, players began to get an every day recompense of  £15, and the associations turned out to be increasingly organized. In 1993 when the FA took over yonder were around eleven thousand enrolled female footballers. Today, there are more than 100,000 enrolled female footballers. However in spite of this ascent, it despite everything lingers behind nations, for example, the United States where there are 7.8 million players. For a nation which asserts the delightful game as its legacy, can any anyone explain why the US ladies are more worshipped to womens football than our own? (Dhaliwal, 2005) One of the fundamental issues with womens football is the absence of media presentation. One of the most compelling components of the broad communications is Television, anyway it has for the most part denied capacity to ladies through its exclusionary approach, specifically it has disregarded ladies by its inability to broadcast womens group activities. In the womens football season 20011-2012, just 5 group games were appeared on ESPN and the FA Cup last which was appeared on Sky Sports. Dubiously the FA cup last which occurred on 26th May 2012 between Birmingham City Ladies and Chelsea women was stopped as Sky Sports decided to change from live transmission of that match to the development for the League One play-off last. A planning bungle by Sky implied that when Birmingham City Ladies scored a late equalizer in additional opportunity to take the match to punishments implied that it would conflict with the development to the Mens League one season finisher last. The mens association one play off develop was regarded to be progressively significant that the womens FA cup, which in mens football is perhaps the greatest rivalry in English football. The Liverpool Ladies skipper, Vicky Jones (2012) communicated her perspectives addressing Would this have occurred for the Mens FA Cup Final! Another issue with the media in womens football is the absence of female moderators. Woodhouse et al (2005) keep up that skys live inclusion is too imperative to ever be offered up to female moderators who may crack the unequivocally manliness and technocratic talks set up by the ex-players and current stars who give the foundation discussions to live matches. Men here are basically thought to be specialists. It was uniquely in 2007 where Jacqui Oatley turned into the principal ever female analyst for the BBC. In any case, again there was contention when Dave Basset (2007) a previous footballer and director announced I will be changing channels when Oakleys voice goes ahead air in light of the fact that so as to commentate you should have a comprehension of the game and strategies, and so as to do that you have to have played the game. In 2011 a comparative episode happened when Richard Keys and Andy Gray had offered misogynist remarks made about female ref Sian Massey. They had later been sacked from sky for these remarks. Sexism has consistently had an enormous influence in football in England ,this is on the grounds that football has consistently been believed to be a commonplace keeps an eye on game. Then again in numerous different nations, for example, Italy, Sweden and the USA womens football is acknowledged and football is viewed as a national game that isn't male commanded or controlled. Jackie Bass (2012) Regional Club Partnership Manager of football expressed Sexism in football resembles its the last separation act that exists as well as is regarded satisfactory to exist. Papers female columnists, what amount is distributed? At present, the womens football head alliance primary sponsorship is Tesco, and the fundamental sponsorship for the FA Cup is Eon. The national group gets their subsidizing from essential supporters, for example, Umbro which is shared over the senior, under 18 and under 16 groups. Therefore on the FA being liable for the subsidizing of all zones of English football, it is elusive explicit financing on womens football. In any case, leader of the national game Kelly Simmons (2012) expressed; FA spends roughly 6,000,000 per year on England, FAWSL pyramid, FA Womens cup and ability improvement. Game England gets the financing from the lottery great aims plot. Around 2,000,000 pounds a year is accommodated the focuses of greatness, anyway they have additionally put 25 million more than four years into grassroots which is for the two young men and young ladies. The FA puts 50m every year into childrens and grassroots and its all young men and young ladies and in this way difficult to part out. The Government likewise gives Football Foundation 10m per year for grassroots offices. Again this is extremely hard to partition out as it basically goes to enormous pitch locales and school destinations where all men, ladies, young men and young ladies play. Despite the fact that the English FAs budgetary help for the womens game has expanded throughout the years (from 150,000 of every 1993,  £310,000 in 1995,  £530,000 in 1997, and assessed up to a Million will be financed in 1999), this sum is as yet one hundred and multiple times not exactly the FA sends on mens football. (Lopez, 1996) Some womens football crews likewise get extraordinary help from mens clubs monetarily, anyway a few clubs are not as strong contribution little assistance other than with arrangement of group unit. One of the most steady clubs is Arsenal FC, they offered incredible budgetary help as well as empowered the womens group to approach great offices, the mens preparing grounds and intermittent utilization of the Emirates arena. Faye White (2006) perceived the money related duty from the mens club as having been excellent throughout the years and continually improving, which had been a factor in the groups achievement. Then again there are various mens proficient clubs, for example, Manchester United and Fulham FC, which have pulled back financing from their separate womens groups. Pastor of game, Hugh Robertson (2006) accepted clubs which were in a situation to pay high wages and which profited by generous financing from sponsorship and broadcasting rights bargains had a touch of social obligation to impart a portion of those returns to womens football clubs Government activities In October 2012 the FA propelled another activity for the advancement of womens football called The Game Changer. This is because of the unimaginable year of womens football that has driven t a great deal of enthusiasm into the game. The GB Womens football crew advanced toward the quarter finals in the Olympics. notwithstanding this the England Womens group qualified unbeaten for the 2013 UEFA European Championship Finals in Sweden, with the last two home games communicate live on earthbound TV. At long last, the second period of The FA WSL was finished. FA Chairman David Bernstein said; Womens football is the region with the most potential for development in the countries most loved game. The FA will make these key duties, for example, Creating an Elite Performance Unit (EPU) and

SIPA Student Blog The Morningside Post COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Student Blog The Morningside Post COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You already may be aware that there is a blog run by SIPA students The Morningside Post (TMP).   The TMP will be undergoing some exciting changes in the coming weeks and just like I encourage readers to subscribe to this blog, the same encouragement applies to the TMP.   From a recent entry here are some comments on how the site will change and why: The last few months there has been some mention on TMP about a redesign. I am proud to say that, after about a year of planning and executing, we have almost reached point B of our redesign.   Things are going to change pretty dramatically around here. But, before they do, it seemed best to give everyone a heads up of what is to come. So what changes exactly? First, and foremost, TMP is being built on a different online platform, one that will make it much easier for our readers to get at the kind of information they want, and filter out what they don’t want. It’s going to get a lot easier to read what you want to read. And to know what’s going on at SIPA, you won’t have to go to a bunch of websites, because there will be one place for “one-stop shopping.” Hopefully, this will serve both the SIPA community and those outside of SIPA interested in what SIPA has to offer.

Plagiarism Essay - 2916 Words

Plagiarism When we have an idea or insight, rarely is it the first time it has ever occurred to an individual. Furthermore, what we learn through formal education, dialogue, and reading (for those who pay attention) becomes an integral part of our thought--we assimilate the ideas of others. Thus, what we may think and say is not necessarily of our own origin, but rather it is a conglomeration of the ideas of others in conjunction with our own native thoughts and understanding--such is human nature. However, there is a fundamental difference between this assimilation of idea and thought through socialization/education versus plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined, as the knowing act of stealing anothers ideas and passing those ideas on as†¦show more content†¦56]) in the form of nausea, heartburn, obesity and a hangover. But we only overindulge because we are ignorant of what would be better for ourselves in the long run, i.e. moderation in food and drink. Thus, Socrates concludes that what causes pain is evil and what causes pleasure is good; we call pleasure evil if it robs us of greater pleasures than it gives, or causes pains greater than the pleasure, and we can call pain good if it prevents further pain or gives pleasures greater than pain (Plato 1956, pg. 60). Socrates finishes by saying, the salvation of human life has been found to consist in the right choice of pleasures and pains, in the choice of the more and the fewer (i.e. choosing long term happiness over instant gratification). Now, we can consider the case of plagiarism from Socrates point of view. Plagiarism (as was previously said), is the knowing act of stealing an idea and passing it off as ones own. Let us now look at why an individual plagiarizes in an academic setting. An individual plagiarizes, according to Socrates reasoning, out of ignorance of what is best for him in the long run; he plagiarizes thinking he will receive a better grade on his paper as well as by saving time and face by not creating ideas of his own. While this may be true, the consequences outweigh the immediate gratification (good) in two principal ways: 1) Though saving time, whenShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism : Plagiarism And Plagiarism815 Words   |  4 Pages There are many types of plagiarism, including several scenarios of inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. This essay will discuss how plagiarism is defined, the various types of plagiarism, why plagiarism is such a serious problem, the impact of the internet on academic in tegrity, and how plagiarism can be avoided. It will also provide suggestions on ways to eliminate both inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. There are several ways to define plagiarism. One such definition, according to the RegisRead MorePlagiarism And The Ethics Of Plagiarism926 Words   |  4 Pagesand parents have heard the term â€Å"plagiarism† while talking about writing essays, poems, and other works. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own† by Merriam-Webster dictionary. While plagiarism may be denoted as stealing one’s work without credit, a more vast and broad definition usually applies to college level work. Every college and university has their own handbook and code of conduct on what exactly â€Å"plagiarism† is defined as, and what are theRead MorePlagiarism : What Is Plagiarism?1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is using someone else’s work, words, production, researches and ideas without the approval or the acknowledgment of the writer or producer, and claiming the credit for himself. Many reasons and factors are attributed for the use of plagiarism and could be cultural, historical, linguistic, environmental and educational background. Plagiarism is a form of an academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, and a digital cheating. It is declared to be an unacceptable legal actRead MorePlagiarism And The Consequences Of Plagiarism1379 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper we will cover plagiarism. We will cover a brief history of plagiarism and look at the different types of plagiarism, as well as compare and contrast the different types. We will also look at who is most prone to plagiarize and why. We will also discuss the role plagiarism plays in academia and the consequences to plagiarizing. Webster’s online Dictionary defines plagiarism as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own: use (another s production) withoutRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead MorePlagiarism2189 Words   |  9 PagesPlagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? Darian Camacho English 111, Section 11 Professor Coulter March 21, 2013 Plagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? The increase in plagiarism has gained the attention of many institutions, administrators and educators, as well as researchers and the public. This increase has brought to attention the concern of why plagiarism continues to occur. In order to debate this concern we should first understand the definition and background of plagiarism, theRead MorePlagiarism Habits Of Politicians : Plagiarism876 Words   |  4 PagesReshma Shrestha Dr. Lynn R.Brink Government 2305-71001 11th September, 2016 Plagiarism Habits of Politicians The word Plagiarism means, it is an acknowledgement that something came from other source or imitates from other s work. Plagiarism is also considered as copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit. In these articles, Evan Osnos describes plagiarism in different field and their negative impact. Mainly, our society also practiced this even they know it is notRead MorePlagiarism605 Words   |  3 PagesTitle : A theft of works among the students : Plagiarism. During the antiquity, it exists an ancient concept called plagiarism. Plagiarism is happened when a student fail to properly document and give attribution to the source of ideas and text in his work. Alongside with the commercialization of writing, the concept of copyright and the rights given to authors has developed (VAIL Faculty Administrator, 1996-2003). However, the problem of plagiarism has been increased nowadays and became a highlyRead MorePlagiarism And Politics : Plagiarism927 Words   |  4 PagesSaroj Dahal Professor Dr. Sharon Manna GOVT 2305-71005 19 Sep, 2016 Plagiarism and politics Plagiarism is an act of stealing someone else’s original ideas or thoughts (either written or oral) and copying it either exactly in a same way or remixing it, without giving credit to the owner. In today’s world, Plagiarism is omnipresent. People try to imitate others watching them in TVs, movies, and songs which tend them to plagiarize knowingly or accidentally. It can be found in almost all fields likeRead MorePlagiarism Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesI think there was far more plagiarism in the last century. It was almost an accepted part of writing. The ethics of writing has changed. Nobody gets upset about whether Shakespeare plagiarized something. But I think the standards have to be pretty high now, particularly for non-fiction writers. [1] Introduction to Plagiarism According to most leading authorities, including The Office of Research Integrity, plagiarism includes both the theft or misrepresentation of intellectual property and the

The Qualities That Have Influenced My Life - 1878 Words

This I Believe... Paper Light I believe in being pragmatic and empathetic. Pragmatic, by definition, is to deal with things in sensible and realistic ways based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Originally in this paper, we were suppose to pick one trait that most defines us and how we live our life, in a way our guidance. But I can guarantee you that there is not one person who is only guided by one trait, it has to be multiple, or a lot of people we know today would act a lot different. The traits that have influenced my life the most so far are empathy and pragmatism. As a kid, I subconsciously made choices based off of these†¦show more content†¦Or in other situations, I d use pragmatism and ignore my feelings and other s completely. Become a robot, a computer, that only absorbs information to find the fastest way somewhere, or handling problems like I was a soulless machine, but in a way that doesn t affect anyone else negatively or positively except for fixing the situation completely. Like helping defuse a fight between my siblings before it got serious, kind of like a group therapy session that allows physical fighting to be in the mix, but without actually involving myself. I think these are important traits for everybody, even if they don t have them now, but have the possibility to learn them and understand them later. I believe and trust in these traits with my very soul and have faith that with every decision based off of their buffering, they will have some kind of positive outcome. I have so much faith in this because I have some experience with these traits helping me in various situations. The one situation that sticks out to me the most, and the one that both traits collaborated to help me in the best way possible, is the time my friend fell off a chandelier. My friend was a gymnast, making her want to hang everywhere. Literally, hanging from t rees, climbing the highest rocks, it was like she believed she could escape the earth if she climbed high enough. Nothing scared her, and nothing stopped her from

Legumes Free Essays

Legumes Chickpea  (Cicer arietinum) An annual Asian plant in the pea family, widely cultivated for the edible seeds in its short inflated pods. A round yellowish edible seed, widely used as a pulse. Also called  garbanzo. We will write a custom essay sample on Legumes or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two types of chickpeas: desi and kabuli. Desi contains smaller, darker seeds and have more of a rough coat. Kabuli is a larger, lighter colored bean with a smoother coat. Uses * Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. * They are the main ingredient of hummus, a sauce originating in the Middle East. In southern Europe, chickpeas are a common ingredient in soups, salads, and stews. * A kind of meal or flour is also made from chickpeas. Snap peas  (Pisum sativum  var. macrocarpon) A cultivated pea that has edible usually round pods easily snapped like beans and that is classified with the snow pea as a variety (Pisum sativum macrocarpon) also called sugar snap pea. This is pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods USES Raw * The pod can be left whole and served with your favorite dip. The peas can be removed from the pod. Puree the raw peas in a food processor or blender and fold the puree into your favorite d ip. * Snap the whole pea pod into 1-inch pieces and add to salads—vegetable, macaroni, chicken, etc. Cooked * Use instead of snow peas in oriental dishes. * In stews or soups, add whole or in pieces, 2 minutes before serving—just long enough to heat thoroughly. * Stir-fry as you would any vegetable. Azuki Bean(Vigna angularis  syn. Phaseolus angularis) The azuki bean, also known as  adzuki  or  aduki is an annual bushy leguminous vine plant widely grown throughout  East Asia  and the  Himalayas  for its small (approximately 5  mm)  beans which are used as food and to produce a flour. The  cultivars  most familiar in  Northeast Asiahave a uniform red color. However, white, black, gray and variously mottled varieties are also known. USES * In  East Asian cuisine, the azuki bean is commonly eaten sweetened. In particular, it is often boiled with sugar, resulting in red bean paste (an), a very common ingredient in all of these cuisines. It is also common to add flavoring to the bean paste, such as chestnut. * In Japan, rice with azuki beans ( ;  sekihan) is traditionally cooked for auspicious occasions. Azuki beans are also used to produce  amanatto, and as a popular flavour of  ice cream. * On October 20, 2009,  Pepsi  Japan released an azuki-flavored Pepsi product. * In Gujarat, India, they are known as  chori. Ornamental plants Zebra Plant (Aphelandra squarrosa) a Brazilian herb with leaves striped green and yellowish white that is widely cultivated as a foliage plant. This plant is often used as a  house plant. This plant likes lots of light, but not direct. It does not bloom often, but it can be encouraged to bloom by prolonged daily exposure to light. USES Indoor and outdoor decoration for houses and others. Rose (Rosa berberifolia) They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp  prickles. They have pinnate leaves and showy flowers having five petals in the wild state but being often double or partly double under cultivation. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. * Majority of roses are used to decorate gardens as well as for various ornamental purposes. * Roses have diuretic effects as they contain Vitamin C, pectin, malic and citric acids. * It has a medicinal effect that cools the body by removing toxins and heat from the body. * Roses are also used all over the world for culinary purposes especially on desserts. * It is also widely used for preparing cosmetics, perfumes, hand lotions, creams, to rose essential oil and rose water. Glossy Abelia (Abelia x grandiflora) Any of several shrubs that have clusters of small white or pink flowers belong to the belong to the genus Abelia, of the honeysuckle family. Abelias are popular  garden  shrubs. The most widely grown is the hybrid  Abelia x grandiflora. This is a rounded, spreading, multi-stemmed shrub with gracefully arching branches to 1-1. 8 m tall, with ovate, glossy, dark green semi-evergreen leaves to 2–6  cm long, and clusters of white-tinged-pink, bell-shaped flowers to 2  cm long. USES Gardening and ornamental purposes. Latex and Resins Chico (Manilkara zapota) Large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Achras. The sapodilla is an attractive upright, slow-growing, long-lived evergreen tree. Distinctly pyramidal when young, with age the tree may develops a crown that is dense and rounded or sometimes open and somewhat irregular in shape. USES Because of the tannin content, young fruits are boiled and the decoction taken to stop diarrhea. An infusion of the young fruits and the flowers is drunk to relieve pulmonary complaints. The crushed seeds have a diuretic action and are claimed to expel bladder and kidney stones. The latex is used in the tropics as a crude filling for tooth cavities. A paste of the seeds is applied on stings and bites from venomous animals. The latex can also be used as rubber. Papaya (Carica-papaya) Large palmlike plant (Carica papaya; family Caricaceae), cultivated throughout the tropics and warm subtropics, and its succulent juicy fruit. An evergreen, usually dioecious, tropical American tree  having a crown of palmately divided leaves with pinnate lobes and large yellow edible fruit. USES * A popular breakfast fruit in many countries, it is also used in salads, pies, sherbets, juices, and confections. * The juice of the unripe fruit contain an enzyme that is useful in various remedies for indigestion and in meat tenderizers. * Latex is collected in the fruit of the papaya tree. T he latex is collected after scoring the neck of the fruit, where it may either dry on the fruit or drip into a container. Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) A pine (Pinus halepensis) of southern Europe and the Levant that is of graceful habit, has usually two leaves in each persistent sheath, and yields a wood that is much used for shipbuilding. It is native to the Mediterranean area, and is planted as an ornamental and is a source of turpentine. USES * The resin of the Aleppo Pine is used to flavor the Greek wine  retsina. * The  Pinus halepensis  is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in  forestry  in Algeria and Morocco. * This tree is also used as an ornamental tree which is extensively planted in gardens, parks, and private and agency landscapes. How to cite Legumes, Essay examples

Marketing Audits Using Swot Analyses

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Audits Using Swot Analyses. Answer: Introduction Coca-Cola as a company is actually the largest beverage company the world over that is responsible for the manufacture of approximately 500 non-alcoholics beverage brands which are not only mostly beverage brands, but also enhanced waters, ordinary water, juice drinks, coffees, sports, and energy drinks and also ready energy drinks (Hansen, 2016). Through the companys distribution and bottling operations and independent distributors, bottling partners, retailers and wholesalers, the Coca Cola Company ensures that its branded beverage products are availed to its customers who are located in different parts in the world. Strengths of the Coca-Cola Company One major strength of Coca-Cola Company is that it has got strong marketing and advertising capabilities which even made it to become the largest advertiser in the world in the entire beverage industry. For instance, the company spend 3.976, 3.499, and 3.266 US billion dollars in the years 2015, 2014, as well as in 2013 respectively on advertising. Another significant strength of Coca-Cola Company is that it is one of the most widely recognized brands in the world and indeed, the classic red and white colors coupled with the signature logo effectively resonates with majority of consumers across the world. Weaknesses of Coca-Cola Company One weakness that Coca-Cola Company is facing is that of water management. Owing to the fact that water is the major ingredient for most of the products that the company manufactures (Grant, 2016). Water as a resource is quite critical for the prosperity of all communities across the globe and thus being a limited resource, it may face overexploitation by the Coca-Cola Company. This will ultimately result in a rise in demand for not only food, but also for other industrial and consumer products which require water in their manufacturing processes. Another significant weaknesses for the Coca-Cola Company is that there is fluctuation in foreign currency in that owing to the fact that its financial statements are usually consolidated in United States dollars, a decrease or increase in the value of the US dollar against other regions currencies highly affects the companys operating income, the balance sheets value, and the net operating value. Opportunities for the Coca-Cola Company Diversification has made it possible for Coca-Company to easily create a strong presence in the fast growing beverage industry (Sproegel, 2016). The company has thus developed jointed ventures and inroads with other stakeholders such as in health, energy, coffee, and drink sectors that have helped it to quickly bolster its bottom and top lines. The fact that some of the developing countries in the world are faced with water shortages that have resulted in lack of clean water has made the company to achieve higher sales through provision of clean bottled water. Threats Facing the Coca-Cola Company One major threats facing the Coca-Cola Company is indirect competition from companies such as the Dunkin Brands Group and the Starbucks. It can truly be asserted that even though such companies do not directly compete with Coca-cola, they actually place serious dents in the market share of the Coca-Cola Company. Another threat is that nutritious selections have led to the creation of negative perceptions of the companys products making some federal regulators to put excessive taxes on not only sodas but also sugary soft beverages. It can truly be asserted that even though using water as a major component of Coca-Colas products may lead to extinction of this major resource, it is also strength because the company provides clean water to populations who cannot afford it (BOLLAnD E.R.I.C, 2016). Bibliography BollanD, E.R.I.C., 2016. Competitors and Competitive Intelligence. Solutions: Business Problem Solving, p.161. Grant, R.M., 2016. Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hansen, J.T., 2016. Constructing a Product Brand Identity: The Case of Coca-Cola. Sproegel, M.J., 2016. Consumer Buying Behaviour on the Danish Soft Drink Market.

The Road Not Taken an analyis Essay Example For Students

The Road Not Taken an analyis Essay Do not follow where the path may lead Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. Robert Frost Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey, life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, The Road Not Taken, has left its readers with many different interpretations. It is ones past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shade of the light that he will see the poem in. In any case however, this poem clearly demonstrates Frosts belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is. We will write a custom essay on The Road Not Taken an analyis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now And sorry I could not travel both.. . It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. There is a strong sense of regret before the choice is even made and it lies in the knowledge that in one lifetime, it is impossible to travel down every path. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler looks down one as far as I could. The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life. As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead. It is the way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he is going. Then took the other, just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim. What made it have the better claim is that it was grassy and wanted wear. It was something that was obviously not for everyone because it seemed that the majority of people took the other path therefore he calls it the road less travelled by. The fact that the traveler took this path over the more popular, secure one indicates the type of personality he has, one that does not want to necessarily follow the crowd but do more of what has never been done, what is new and different. And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black. The leaves had covered the ground and since the time they had fallen no one had yet to pass by on this road. Perhaps Frost does this because each time a person comes to the point where they have to make a choice, it is new to them, somewhere they have never been and they tend to feel as though no one else had ever been there either. I kept the first for another day! The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and is not unusual, but knowing how way leads on to way, the speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one and he doubted if I should ever come back. This is his common sense speaking and acknowledging that what he chooses now will affect every other choice he makes afterward. Once you have performed an act or spoken a word that crystalizes who you are, there is no turning back, it cannot be undone. Once again at the end of the poem the regret hangs over the traveler like a heavy cloud about to burst. He realizes that at the end of his life, somewhere ages and ages hence, he will have regrets about having never gone back and traveling down the roads he did not take. Yet he remains proud of his decision and he recognizes that it was this path that he chose that made him turn out the way and he did and live his life the way in which he lived. I took the road less trvaeled by and that had made all the difference. To this man, what was most important, what really made the difference, is that he did what he wanted, even if it meant taking the road less traveled. If .

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Essays - Membrane Technology

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Essays - Membrane Technology Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Dr. Alan Rizzo IB Biology SL Year 1 October 10, 2013 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Activity A Glucose concentration Time (min)Observation Glucose stripLugols solution (Starch indicator)Dialysis tube of glucose starch solution 0Test pad has green color, indicating 300mg/dL of glucose.Dark and transparent amber with tints of red. It is not uniform: contains dark spots of red color. Solution has translucent, pale, milky, cloudy white color. 3Test pad is yellow with a tint of green in various spots, indicating the concentration of glucose as being less than 100mg/dL. 15Test pad is very dark with green color, indicating glucose concentration of 1000mg/dL.Transparent, paler yellowish brown with tints of lighter shade of orange.Solution becomes less translucent and less milky. Data collection Conclusion and Evaluation From this experiment, it is perceived that the size of molecules matter when passing through a semi-permeable membrane. The dialysis tube initially contained only starch and glucose molecules. But because it was submerged in Lugols solution that had higher concentration of Iodine for a period of time, as a result of diffusion, indicator solutions molecules that consisted of iodine naturally moved from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. On the other hand, glucose and starch are both macromolecules that are large in size. Glucose molecules are smaller, and some of them were able to diffuse through the dialysis membrane into Lugols solution while starch molecules were too large and remained in the dialysis tube. In the end, molecules in Lugols solution and glucose molecules were present outside the tube. Inside the tube, there were Lugols solutions molecules, remaining glucose molecules and starch molecules. The concentration of all solutions is balance d inside and outside the dialysis tube consequently. This experiment showed one systematic error. The dialysis tube, after being in amber-colored Lugols solution for a long time, should turn darker or black in color. Becoming darker in color indicates the diffusion of Lugols solutions molecules that pass through the membrane. In order to clarify this error, more trials of this experiment should be conducted on several dialysis tubes, which will cause the data to be less anomalous and more accurate. Activity B Potato sticks and salt concentration Introduction Hypothesis: The longer the time period potato sticks are left in salt solution, the more flexible they will become as most potato cells will be in the state of hypertonic solution. Potato sticksObservation - Effects of salt solution on potato sticks) BeforeAfter Rigid, bendable, rough Snaps broken Pale yellow Average length of 3 cmExtremely flexible Paler shade of yellow Does not snap broken when bent Average length of 2.9 cm Data collection Conclusion The experiment proves my hypothesis correct. This experiment causes potato cells to shrink as a result of osmosis diffusion. Initially, the concentration in potato cells is high, while the concentration of water in salt solution. Osmosis, movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, caused water molecules within each cell to diffuse out into the salt solution in order to create equilibrium of concentration both in and outside the potato cells. Consequently of the decrease in amount of water in each cell, the flexible cellular membrane was pulled in and more wrinkled-like; the cell shrank in general. With cells now shrank and less rigid, potato sticks became more bendable and very flexible. Activity C Red onion cells and 2% NaCl solution Introduction Hypothesis: If red onion cells are exposed to 2% NaCl solutions drop longer, cell membranes will shrink further, as a result of becoming hypertonic solution. Conclusion This experiment demonstrated the process of osmosis and supports my hypothesis. By using the microscope, it was noticeable that red onion cells cell membranes were shrunk after a drop of 2% NaCl solution was put on the coverslip. It was the result of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. When NaCl solution was dropped on the coverslip and entered red onion cells, the internal environment of each cell is more concentrated in terms of water. Consequently, the water molecules left the cells for the external environment, which had lower concentration of water molecules in order to create equilibriums inside and outside of the cell. The cell walls did not shrink as they serve as

Developmebts in cyber techniques have tended to contribute to greater Essay

Developmebts in cyber techniques have tended to contribute to greater international tension and foreign policy conflict. Discuss - Essay Example curity programs have been developed by various states all over the world in order to protect sensitive data and other types of information from assaults that are made through the internet. Cyber security measures tend to involve various steps, the most important of these steps being a state’s understanding of the different forms of cyber attacks that it is likely to encounter. Once it has knowledge of this, then it is its responsibility to ensure that it has put in place the best security systems that it can get its hands on. There exist a diverse number of threats most of which exist at various levels and hazards to the information of companies and governments in their computers and other networks. It is because of this that the more superior the likelihood of there being a threat to cyber security, the more advanced the system designed to protect assets will be. The development of more advanced cyber techniques has over the years led to the development of higher internationa l tensions, especially between rival states which view cyber attacks against each other as a means of gaining an advantage over one another on the international stage.1 This has created a situation where the number of cyber attacks by government sponsored hackers from different countries have steadily increased; raising speculations that there is the possibility future wars will likely be fought on the internet. The development of better cyber techniques has led to a situation where a number of countries attempt to hack into other countries’ computer systems for the sole purpose of stealing trade secrets. This has recently been a cause of significant tension between the United States and China with the former accusing the latter of being responsible for stealing the trade secrets of various American companies in order to using these secrets to gain economic leverage. The tension between these two countries was further increased as a result of the United States declaring and showing the

Gaming in Nevada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gaming in Nevada - Research Paper Example This move however failed and as a compromise penalties for gambling were dramatically reduced. Only mild fines were imposed on operators and the players were let off with the objective of preclusion. In 1909, legislation was passed by the influence of progressive movements that banned all types of gambling in the state. In 1919, the law got relaxed and the state started issuing licenses for card room games like bridge and whist. In 1920’s Reno became the gaming capital of the state. During the time of the great depression, the differences in opinion about gambling were finally settled. The Assembly passed the Bill 98 in 1931 which allowed gambling as an entertainment. This started the era of gaming industry of Nevada as we all see and experience today (History of gaming in Nevada). Gaming has become the life blood of Nevada’s economy. The casino industry in Nevada utilizes the services of nearly 300000 workers which represent 27% of Nevada’s work force. The industry is the principal tax payer providing 46.2% of the states general fund revenue. In the financial year 2010, the industry paid nearly $2 billion in taxes to the government and the industry has become the largest donor of capital investment, community development, jobs, taxes and quality living to the people of Nevada. The hotel and casino industries have invested nearly $60 billion in Nevada. Even in times of the latest financial crisis, the state attracted nearly 50 million visitors and its casinos earned $21 billion in revenue to keep the economy going. The casino industry not only provides employment and taxes, but it is also engaged in lots of philanthropic activities. Millions of dollars are spent for charity and public service activities. Majority of the aid goes to the health and education sectors. In a year on an average the industry donates more than $10 million for social work. These funds are directly given to local organizations and the casino industry has

Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening

Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Introduction Chronic Low Back Pain is a common condition now a days and refers to pain localized to lower back or lumbar spine. It is common with in adult population and there is limited research available about using the Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Exercise as a physiotherapy treatment for this condition. In this essay, Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Exercise will be explained briefly and its significance to physiotherapy practice will be discussed with reference to a Randomised Control Trial (RCT) by Manisha Rathi (Appendix A). Furthermore, the philosophical assumptions underpinning this study will be analysed. Finally, by using a critiquing tool (Appendix B) ,the study will be then critiqued for its strengths and limitations. Significance of the Issue Chronic Low Back Pain is a common musculoskeletal problem in modern society. Around 70 % to 85% of population will experience low back pain at some time in their life; and 5% to 15% will develop chronic low back pain (Liddle, Baxter, Gracey, 2004). Low back pain is defined as pain, muscle tension, or stiffness below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (Koes, Tulder Thomas, 2006) and Chronic low back pain is classified as pain and disability lasting for more than 12 week duration (Philadelphia panel, 2001). It commonly occurs in young age when people are in their twenties. Back and spine impairments are common in women with the value of 70.3 per 1000 population than in man where there is 57.3 per 1000 population( Andersson Gunnar, 1999). The common causes of low back pain includes stressed or irritated muscle or ligament. The strain develops over a period of time due to poor posture and when posture is not corrected, strain builds up and eventually stretches or irritates muscle or ligament producing low back pain (E.R. Viera, S Kumar 2007). Another important cause related to the development of chronic low back pain includes imbalance between flexor and extensor muscles of trunk including respiratory muscles and muscles of continence, which are responsible for spinal and pelvic support (Hides et al.,2001, Cholewicki et al., 2005) . Most important symptoms of chronic low back pain are functional disability and pain (Koes et al.,2006). Exercise therapy is widely recommended for the treatment of low back pain (Rasmussen- Barr, Ang, Arvidsson and Nilsson Wikmar, 2009). Pelvic floor exercises that contribute to the contraction of abdominals and lumbopelvic stability seems to be more effective than conventional treatment.( Manisha Rathi,2013). Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) form the base of abdominal cavity. Except for, their importance in patients with urinary and faecal incontinence, PFM also play vital role in proper muscle activation for stabilization and unloading of lumbar spine. Furthermore, Pelvic floor muscle contraction have also shown to produce contraction of abdominal muscles and vice -versa (Sapsford and Hodges, 2001). Morkved et al.(2007) suggest that group training (Pelvic floor muscle exercises, aerobic exercises and additional exercises) during pregnancy also provide evidence of beneficial effects in preventing lumbopelvic pain. According to Manisha Rathi (2013), there are very little published evidence to measure the effect of Pelvic floor muscle exercises in the management of chronic low back pain and hence the study was conducted, which further supported the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercise in females with chronic low back pain. Moreover, this physiotherapeutic intervention combined with conventional treatment seems to refurbish the functional ability as well as manage the pain in the females with chronic low back pain. Philosophical Assumptions Underpinning Quantitative Research Understanding of research can improve the depth of professional healthcare practice. Being a person trained in healthcare calls for clinical choices based on best existing research evidence (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p. 4). There are various research designs present, to offer us the appropriate information to support our clinical reasoning. This segment will discover the philosophical assumptions underpinning the research methodology used by Manisha Rathi (2013) in her study regarding the effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle strengthening exercises in chronic low back pain. This is a randomised control trial which is a true experimental type of research characterised by randomisation and control group to minimise systematic bias (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p. 225-226). The Positivist Paradigm The positivist paradigm underlies the existence of some reality and in this, much research activity is directed towards understanding and knowing it (Polit and Beck,7th ed. p.15). The recent evidence-based practice movement is an example of positivist approach to knowing (Grant Giddings, 2002, pg.14) . According to the Grant Giddings Knowledge is to be discovered so that people can explain, predict and control events. The knowledge can be acquired through research and helps with professional decision making and practice, which can lead us to best quality in health care (Polit Beck,7th ed., Grant and Giddings, 2002). Exploring the Research title Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle strengthening exercises in chronic low back pain, the title makes it understand that the authors were trying to find out the effects of pelvic floor muscle exercises aspiring to improve the treatment plan for a group of individuals. It shows the approach of Manisha Rathi (2013) to be following the Positivist Para digm. In a positivist approach, RCT is valid to a great extent as its methodology is rated higher than others because of the type of evidence it produces(Grant and Giddings, 2002). This is another hint that Manisha Rathi(2013) was utilizing the positivist approach, as she is attempting to give information about a treatment plan by conducting a randomised control trial which is believed to produce the best evidence (Grant Giddings, 2002). Determinism Determinism is an assumption of positivist paradigm and refers to belief that phenomena i.e. observable facts and events are not haphazard or random but rather have antecedent causes (Polit and Beck, 7th ed.). Specifically, it can be said that all events occur pursuant to preceding laws or events. Manisha Rathi(2013) demonstrate determinism in her study by giving the evidence that chronic low back pain can be caused by imbalance between various muscles of trunk including respiratory muscles and muscles of continence (Pelvic floor muscles), which are responsible for spinal and pelvic support and that pelvic floor muscle exercise may show positive effects on the population suffering from this ailment. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p.11). In other words, it is the formation of reasoning from various general statements and involves pre specified design and emphasis on specific concepts. According to Roberts and Burke (1989) It refers to an approach in which a narrow conclusion is reached, based on broader set of premises i.e. general knowledge or other research findings. For positivists, the deductive process is an approach from which one can become aware of a single reality and hypotheses are tested on the basis of a theory (DePoy Gitlins, 2005). Deductive reasoning was demonstrated by Manisha Rathi (2013), as a proper review of the study was done, which helped to form and test the hypotheses that Pelvic Floor Muscle exercise could be beneficial for patients with Chronic low back pain. Objectivity Objective methods are appreciated in quantitative research as much as possible. Objectivity is the extent to which two independent researchers would turn up to an identical or uniform conclusion i.e. judgements are not biased on the basis of personal beliefs (Polit and Beck, 7th ed. p. 340, 562). Manisha Rathis (2013) study demonstrates the basis of objectivity, as the participants had to undergo a particular inclusion and exclusion criteria which assured that only subjects (married females) of a particular age group with chronic low back pain, having persistent symptoms of pain and functional disability for more than twelve weeks must be included in the study. Pregnant females, females having Urogenital dysfunction, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Nerve injury to pelvic floor muscle, any pathology of spine or lower limb were excluded in order to avoid the bias. Defined Protocol and Empirical Evidence In Experimental research, researchers have the Independent variable, which means that the participants are exposed to different treatments or conditions. An Intervention protocol is necessary for the study to develop and specify exactly what intervention will entail i.e. who would administer it, how frequently and for how long a treatment would last. (Polit and Beck, 7th ed.). Manisha Rathi (2013) has followed a specific modules which included subjects enrolment process, their allocation of control group and treatment group and data analysis through different statistical methods. A proper treatment protocol was executed to confirm that the type of treatment and duration received by all the subjects were same. Empirical evidence, according to Polit et al. (7th ed.) is the evidence rooted in objective reality and collected through data collection, utilizing ones own senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches. Evidence for a study in a positivist paradigm is gathered systematically, using formal instruments to collect the required information. In the study Manisha Rathi (2013) manipulated the independent variables to observe the results. The pain was determined by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the functional disability was determined by Oswestry Disability Index. Critique According to Polit Beck,(7th ed.) A studys strengths and limitations can be assessed by critiquing of the research. The reviewers summary of the merits of the study, advice regarding the value of the evidence, and suggestions about improving the study or the report is concluded in a critique. According to Polit and Hungler (6th ed.), the quality of a research is closely related to the kinds of decisions the researcher has made in conceptualizing, designing, executing and interpreting the results of the study and critiquing further helps to provide a feedback. A Critiquing tool (ref. to Appendix B) has been used to explore and examine the strengths and limitations of the study done by Manisha Rathi (2013), which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The Title, Abstract and Study Purpose The title of the study by Manisha Rathi (2013), is concise and gives us the information and indication about the content of study. It also reflects the research approach and the population examined. The abstract compiles the aim, research design, population, method used, results and a conclusion which provides us a brief information about the overview of the theoretical model underlying the research along with what a reader is going to find in the research paper. The result and conclusion provides a basis and creates a curiosity for a further detailed reading. Manisha Rathi (2013) has precisely determined the studys purpose of investigating the efficacy of a therapeutic exercise (Pelvic Floor Exercise) method, on a particular population, in the studys title and abstract. This is an important issue in the field of physiotherapy practice, as Chronic low back pain is a very common ailment within the adult population and the symptoms like increased pain and disability hampers the activities of daily living and is required to be addressed properly. Research Design and Research Hypotheses Manisha Rathi (2013) has applied a true-experimental design (pre test post test control group design ) and cause effect was tested through the hypothesis that PFM exercises could be of benefit for the patients with chronic low back pain. In this study the hypothesis was formulated, followed by a literature review, and then hypothesis was confirmed by process of various measurements and statistical methods. The research design was appropriate as per the research purpose and it also minimized bias and replication of this study is also possible as the study was well explained. Literature review The literature review done by Manisha Rathi (2013) was brief, up to date and included all the important information required for the study. It provides a solid basis for the new study. It was also portrayed and organised in an easy manner to understand, as it started with an introduction of low back pain, its classification, clinical factors and symptoms followed by brief information about the pelvic floor muscles exercises. Study Sample Manisha Rathi (2013) conducted a randomised control study on thirty married females, under the age group between 20- 40 years, with chronic low back pain. They were divided by random allocation into two groups i.e. an experimental and a control group. The researcher has given a good information and has well described the study sample of females with Chronic low back pain. She has followed a particular inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria for the selection of participants in order to minimize bias which strengthens the studys internal validity and also might help in getting efficient results. However, the trial was carried on a small sample size i.e. only on thirty females, 15 in each group (group A and group B). Ethical Considerations The ethical approval was granted for Manisha Rathis(2013) study by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Pune. The study was conducted in the Out Patient Department of the college and an informed consent was obtained from all the participants. However, it is not mentioned whether the participants were fully aware about the nature of the research or not. Data Collection and Analysis Methods of gathering data was appropriate. Pre intervention readings and post intervention readings were taken on the 1st day of visit and at the end of 4 weeks respectively. However, there were no follow ups. Manisha Rathi (2013), in her study, assessed pain intensity, in a subjective way, by utilizing Visual Analogue Scale and functional disability was also assessed in a subjective way, by utilizing Oswestry Disability Index , which is a reliable questionnaire. Study Results The study done by Manisha Rathi (2013) shows that the research hypotheses was adequately answered as there was improvement in pain and functional disability levels, following the treatment. Manisha Rathi(2013) has shown her findings in the graphs and has given the P value, which makes it easy to understand and co-relate the results with her conclusion. The Findings based on Manisha Rathis (2013) study would help physiotherapists to achieve better and efficient results while treating patients of Chronic low back pain with the help of Pelvic Floor Muscle exercises. However, limitations of the study includes that the pain intensity and functional disability were measured in a subjective way, on a small sample size and no follow up for treatment was done. Also, EMG and ultrasound was not done for objective outcome measures such as muscle activity and muscle thickness. Discussion The study done by Manisha Rathi(2013) supports the hypothesis that Pelvic Floor Muscle exercise could be of benefit for the patients with Chronic low back pain. Furthermore, the findings and results of her study were well linked to the facts and information provided by her in the literature review which forms a strong base of the study. Refrences Manisha Rathi (2013), has explored and gathered an ample amount of literature from various studies done in the past. This might be because low back ache is a very common condition and many studies have already been done on this ailment and its treatment. Appendix B Critiquing Tool The title Is it concise yet informative? Is the research approach suggesting the key phenomenon? Is the population group identified? The abstract Are the study area, methods, processes, conclusions and implications correctly and concisely described? Where the aims and/or objectives stated ? Does it provide a good basis for deciding whether or not the study is worth reading? Study purpose Is the purpose of the study/research problem clearly identified and relevant to your practice? Research design and research hypothesis Is there a framework/theory to guide the study? Is it appropriate? Who will be studied? What is the plan for conducting the study? Are all variables described? Does the hypothesis reflect the purpose of the study? Literature review Is the literature review provide a solid basis for the new study? Study sample Who is identified as the target population? How were the subjects chosen (e.g., randomly, conveniently)? Who is included? Who is excluded? Is the sample size sufficient? Ethical considerations Were the participants fully informed about the nature of the research? Was ethical permission granted for the study? Data collection and analysis What steps were taken to collect the data? How often was data collected and for how long? What instruments or tools were used? Are the tools adequately described for you to understand what the score means? Were data analysis procedures appropriate? Study results Is the research hypothesis answered? Could you make a change in your practice based on the results of this study? What are the strengths to using the information learned? What are the limitations or the gaps in the study? Discussion Are the findings linked back to the literature review? If a hypothesis was identified, was it supported? References Were all the books, journals and other media alluded to in the study accurately referenced? Sources Polit Beck.(2010) Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice(7th ed.) Lippincott.(pg no.102-103) Ryan, F., Coughlan , M., Cronin, P.(2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2: qualitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16, 11, 738-744. Schneider , Elliott , Lo Biondo Wood, Haber (2003), Nursing research methods, critical appraisal and utilisation. (2nd ed.). . 1

A note on Porter’s Five Forces Model Essay

a) Rivalry between established competitors What are the major factors determining the nature and intensity of competition between established firms? Concentration In general, the fewer the number of firms in an industry, the easier is coordination of pricing behaviour, and the smaller the chance that one firm will initiate aggressive price competition An industry dominated by a single firm displays little competition and the dominant firm can exercise considerable discretion over the prices it charges. Diversity of competitors The ability of the firms in an industry to avoid competition depends not only upon the number of firms but also on their similarities in terms of objectives, costs, strategies. Example: Oil suppliers in OPEC: they were aligned in the 70’s and prices rose up. They were disaligned in the 80’s and prices decreased Product differentiation The more similar the offerings of rival firms, the more willing are customers to move from one supplier to the other. Where products are indistinguishable, the product is a commodity and the sole basis for competition is price Example of commodities: Raw materials : crude oil, gold bullions; Some finished products: DRAM chips, US Treasury bills Excess capacity and exit barriers The propensity of firms in an industry to resort to aggressive price competition depends upon the balance between capacity and output. The presence of unused capacity encourages firms to compete for additional business in order to spread fixed costs over a greater sales volume. Excess capacity may be the result of declining market demand or cyclical market demand or overinvestment. The period during which excess capacity overhangs an industry depends on the ease with which firms and resources can leave the industry. Costs and other impediments to leaving an industry are â€Å"barriers to exit†. Barriers to exit may be substantial where resources are durable and specialized, or where employees are entitled to job protection Example: Closure of mines in the 80s in Western countries were difficult as miners were heavily unionized Cost condition: economies of scale and the ratio of fixed to variable costs The more important the economies of scale are, the greater are the incentives for expanding sales at the expense of competitors. The higher the ratio of fixed to variable costs, the greater the willingness of firms to reduce prices in order to utilize spare capacity Example: This is typically the case in petrochemicals, tires, steel. b) Threat of entry If an industry is earning a return on invested capital in excess of the cost of capital, that industry will act as a magnet to firms outside the industry. An industry where no barriers to entry or exit exist is contestable. However in most industries, new entrants cannot enter on equal terms to those of established firms. The size of the advantage of established over entrant firms measures the height of barriers to entry, which determines the extent to which an industry can in the long term enjoy profits The principal barriers to entry are: Capital requirements Example: Exxon in the 80s spent almost $1 Billion in a vain attempt to catch up with existing players and become a player in the office computer systems market Economies of scale In some industries, particularly those which are capital intensive or research intensive, efficiency requires producing at a very large scale. New entrants are faced with the choice of entering either on a small scale and accepting high unit costs, or a large scale and running the risk of drastic under utilization of capacity while they build up sales volume Example: Commercial jet engines for commercial airliners: Big economies of scale, thus only 3 players [General Electric/Snecma; Pratt and Whitney; Rolls Royce] Absolute cost advantages Such advantages are usually associated with â€Å"first mover advantages†: by being early into the industry the established firms may have been able to acquire low cost sources of raw materials and by being longer they benefit from economies of learning. Example: in petroleum: ownership of oil fields prevents any second mover Product differentiation In an industry where products are differentiated, established firms possess an advantage over new entrants by virtue of brand recognition and customer loyalty. New entrants must spend heavily on advertising and promotion to gain similar levels of brand awareness, or accept a small market share which can be gradually expanded Example: Auditing, advertising, investment banking: established reputations and relationships are entry barriers Access to channels of distribution This barrier to entry is due to the distributors’s preference for established firms’ products: Limited capacity within distribution(eg shelf space), risk aversion, and fixed costs associated with carrying an additional product result in distributors’ reluctance to carry a new manufacturer’ product Exemple : Ice cream storage in small outlets Governmental and legal barriers Several barriers: Granting of a license by a public authority Examples: Taxi-cab services, broadcasting In knowledge intensive industries: patents, copyrights and trade secrets Procurement regulation: the costs of becoming listed as an â€Å"approved supplier† are a barrier Environmental and safety standards: the costs of compliance weigh more heavily on newcomers Retaliation The effectiveness of all these barriers to entry in excluding potential entrants depends upon the entrants’ expectations as to possible retaliation by established firms. Example of retaliation: Aggressive price-cutting, increased advertising, or legal maneuvers c) Competition from substitutes When there are few substitutes for a product, customers willing to pay a potentially high price In micro economic terms, demand is inelastic to price Examples: Gasoline; Cigarettes If there are close substitutes for a product, then there is a limit to the price customers are willing to pay and any increase in price will cause some customers to switch towards substitutes In micro economic terms, demand is elastic with respect to price. Example: frozen foods versus canned food and fresh produce The extent to which the threat of substitutes is high depends upon two factors: The propensity/willingness of buyers to substitutes Example: Efforts by city planners to relieve traffic congestion either by charging the motorist or by subsidizing public transport have been ineffective in the US in encouraging motorists to forsake their cars for buses The price performance characteristics of substitutes (ie the relative performance of alternative products in relation to their price) If two products meet the same customer needs and one performs better than the other across all criteria, the price of the superior products determines the maximum price for the inferior product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ example: batteries of identical size and voltage: the one with the shorter life expectancy will only sell if it undercuts the price of the longer-life battery Where products are meeting more complex needs and no product dominates all performance dimensions, a niche position in the market may be sustainable despite premium pricing Example: Harley Davidson : inferior speed, acceleration, technical sophistication than Japanese motorcycles, but priced higher Difficulty in perceiving performance differences can also inhibit substitution on the basis of price Example: The subjective nature of flagrance makes comparison difficult for the consumer. Direct copies (same ingredients!) of popular perfumes at less than half the price have not gained substantial market share d) Bargaining power of buyers Firms operate in two markets: the market for inputs (raw materials, components, finance, labor services) and for outputs (products and services sold to customers – be distributors, consumers or other manufacturers). In both markets the relative profitability of the two parties to a transaction depends upon relative economic power. Two factors are important in determining the strength of buying power Buyers’price sensitivity Some key points on buyers’price sensitivity: 1) It depends on the importance of the item as a proportion of their total cost Example: For food processing companies, metal cans are one of the largest single items in their purchase of materials. These companies are highly sensitive to the prices of metal cans 2) The less differentiated are the products of the supplying industry, the more willing is the buyer to switch suppliers based on the basis of price Example: Supermarket chains can switch suppliers of packaged white breads 3) The greater the competition between buyers, the lower their profit margins, the greater their eagerness to achieve price reductions from their sellers Example: Automobile manufacturers place high pressures on their component suppliers 4) The greater the importance of the sold product to the quality of the buyer’s product or service, the less sensitive are buyers to the prices they are charged Example: PC vendors had to accept Microsoft’s Software prices Relative bargaining power Bargaining power rests ultimately upon refusal to deal with the other party. The balance of power between the two parties to a transaction depends on the credibility and effectiveness with which each makes this threat. Key determinants of the relative bargaining power: – the relative costs which each party sustains as a result of the transaction not being consummated – the expertise of each party in leveraging its position through gamesmanship 3 factors are likely to be important in determining the bargaining power of buyers relative to that of sellers: 1) Size and concentration of buyers relative to suppliers The smaller the number of suppliers, the less easy is it for a supplier to find alternative customers if one is lost. The bigger the purchases of the customer, the greater is the damage from losing the customer. The larger the size of the buyer relative to the supplier, the better able is the buyer to withstand any financial losses arising from failure to reach  agreement. Example: Buying consortiums are created to pool orders 2) Buyer’s information The first essential for the exercise of bargaining power by buyers is that they are able to compare the prices and qualities of different suppliers’ products or services. Examples: Lawyers, doctors, traders in the bazaars of Istanbul do not display the prices they charge Note that knowledge of price is of little value if the characteristics of a product or service are not easily ascertained before purchase Example: It is difficult to assess beforehand the value of investment advices, management consulting (or baldness treatment!)

White Collar Crime Social Interaction & Conflict Theory

The American dream exists because everybody has a dream of what they want, or what they want to achieve. Americans achieve success through achieving their goals. The American dream is what gives people hope; it allows them to work hard to achieve happiness, and all the things that come with it. Like gaining all the things you want and need in life (Warshauer). The American dream is a big part of America’s culture. The American dream is based on the freedom of the people to pursue their goals through hard work and free chance (Malone). Maybe the American dream doesn’t exist maybe there was no American dream to start with. The American dream is dead for the majority of America† say’s financial guru Suze Orman, she believes that the dream of one day owning your own home and working one job till you retire, well and being able to retire will one day be crushed. Orman says we are on a road leading to poverty and there are no roads coming off of it. This is the e nd of the American dream some say â€Å"it has been sold† says (DCraig), but it’s the start of a new American Dream. The new American dream deals with responsibility, quality, ethics, and creativity while money takes its new place as a means. But the American dream changes and changes in the 20th century, the American Dream was summarized as â€Å"a single family house in the suburbs with a white picket fence around it,† (Leinberger). So the American dream changes with time, as the world changes so does the American dream. The us bureau of labor stats that out of 100 people that started working when they were 25, by the age of 65, 1 percent are wealthy, 4 percent have retired, 3 percent are still working, 63 percent are dependent on social security and charity,29 percent are dead. This represents real people who will most likely never make it to the top. This says that only 5% of the people you see will be finically successful. The worst thing about the American dream is that people would rather be rich and miserable than poor and happy. â€Å"I once said that at a party, and a woman about my age said, â€Å"Well sure I would. If I was rich, I could make myself happy. † â€Å"Nope,† I replied. â€Å"That’s not the deal: You can either be rich and miserable, or poor and happy. Period. So which is it? † She thought about it for several seconds. â€Å"I’d rather be rich. â€Å" Said Francis Hare That’s the problem with the American Dream. It used to be that a person with good work ethic could become anything they wanted and be happy with it. Now it’s about all the money you can make how much you have and you social class. (Hare) Another way to achieve the American dream is through education; education is the key to success, if you don’t have the proper education it’s not likely for a person to succeed in life (Stone). If there is an American dream which means, people pursuing their dreams, then why is the unemployment rate so high? The answer to that question is that the American dream has changed in some people’s eyes. The opinion I share is that the American dream has always existed in Americans dreams hence the â€Å"American Dream†. I think it is what people dream of having which varies from person to person, no one person has the same dream. It also changes from time to time; as new things come out people want them. Most of all people are losing sight of the American dream all they want is money and an easy was to get it, most people are trying to achieve their American dream the easy way through lawsuits or the lottery (Warshauer). So I do think the American dream varies depending on the person. I can see why people think the American dream doesn’t exist. Since there is really no definition for the American Dream or you can’t really put your finger on what it actually is. Lorie A. Johnson says the American dream is getting farther and farther out of reach. Today, people cannot afford to buy a home; people are spending their money on other things to find happiness. But Lorie A. Johnson says that â€Å"in order to be truly happy, Americans need to reject the false American dream and create their own vision of happiness†. Johnson) But the real question is does the American dream still exist? The answer to this question is there is no answer, because it only exists in the people that believe in it and it’s also different from person to person. The American dream only exists in the people that believe in the American dream. For the people that still believe in the American dream, it gives hope of success in their life. For the people that don’t believe in the American dream, they are now slaves to their jobs don’t have goals to achieve. Which makes it harder and harder to believe there is an American Dream? (Malone). The American dream can be said to be many things but one this for sure is that it is not gone. It just changes with the time, if America is still around so will the American dream no matter how bad the economy gets. The American dream is definitely still alive and kicking people just need to know that, the American dream is whatever their dream is or whatever they want to accomplish.

Creation In Mythology Essay - 703 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The creation of man and the world is a question that has resonated since the conscience of thought and analysis began. We as human beings have the tendency to seek out the reasons and truths of the phenomena that occur around us, and our desire to achieve answers has not hindered our exploration of human existence. We tease ourselves by asking the most simplistic questions: why are we here; how did we come to be; who created our world? And as our minds seek into the unknown and force us to develop the theories of our origins, the human hunger for reason and truth begs to differ. Stories have collected throughout the generations that have preceded us, and its transition from person to person further molded†¦show more content†¦Tu, is the fierce father and god of war-spirited humans; Tane is the father and god of trees, birds, and insects; Rongo is the father and god of edible cultivated plants; Tangaroa is the father of fish and sea reptiles; Haumia i s the father and god of fern root and edible wild plants. All five children explain the various species of life on earth. The same pattern is found in the Babylonian creation myth. In this myth, the characters Father Apsu and Mother Tiamat have children/grandchildren, one who controls the heavens. These three myths explain the many â€Å"forces† that exist in our world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Japanese, Polynesian, and Babylonian myths illustrates a world created from a mother and father being. The character of the father is one that has all power, all decision, and controls everything and the family. The character of the mother is defined as the caretaker, and a key component that holds the family together. All three myths exhibit a form of cooperation within the family to achieve natural harmony. Without one â€Å"child† the other does not succeed, a phenomenon expressed in the Polynesian myth where all children try to escape from the void within their parents’ attachment. The mother/father image is important to be distinguished in these three myths, and work as and important figure in it as well. In the Japanese creation myth, Izanami and IzanagiShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : The Creation1373 Words   |  6 PagesGreek Mythology - The Creation: In the beginning of time there was nothing but darkness and chaos but then miraculously a being emerged from the empty void called Erebus and night. All was dark, empty and silent until love was born bringing order with it, light was born along with Gaea, the earth from love. Gaea alone gave birth to Uranus, the sky, and he became her husband surrounding her on all sides. Together they created twelve Titans, three cyclops s and three Hecatonchires (hundred-handedRead MoreMythology And The Creation Of Fire2081 Words   |  9 PagesMythology has played a huge impact in the development of society in the world. However not only is it effecting just society but the individuals living on Earth. The myths and legends of the gods and goddesses spread throughout the world, allowing citizens to believe in the values and morals of the story. Mythology has influenced not only the world previous to ours but present time today. Just like years before mythology has influence our scientific inventi ons and knowledge, daily life, religionRead MoreEssay about Similarities in the Mythologies of Creation1301 Words   |  6 Pagesmany civilizations and cultures have had their own ways of explaining the world and its creation. 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The stories that derive from these great folk tales set a scene in lives of people who worshipped their God’s and the items that they praised them for. Depending on the geographic location and the time of the myth, or at least what it could be traced to, the people would praise and worship different God’s for different reasons. Just like in our modern system of religion in thisRead MoreTheories of Mythology Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Mythology The definition of mythology is derived from the word â€Å"myth†. The word itself is developed from the Greek word â€Å"mythos†, which means sagas, legend, or fable. The word â€Å"myth† is a chronicle that seeks to prove the world around us and is passed down from generation to generation (Lincoln, 1999). It is the nature of humans to marvel about the unknown and explain the unaccountable. 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