Space Constraints Will Not Allow For A Complete Overview...

Space constraints will not allow for a complete overview of the vast literature on northern aid policies towards Africa in general. As such, this literature is heavily focused on trends in aid quality and quantity, as it relates to the Cameroonian question (Lumsdaine 1993Í ¾ Therien 2000Í ¾ OECD annual Development Cooperation reports). There is also a strong emphasis on the evolution of aid policy in the wake of particular events e.g. the end of the Cold war (Cumming 2001Í ¾ Lancaster 1999), 9/11(Macrae 2005Í ¾ Howell 2010), the Arab Spring (Frot 2012Í ¾ Independent Commission for Aid Impact Report 2013) or particular development strategies such as structural adjustment (Wilson 1993Í ¾ Wuyts 1995) or good governance as it relates to the disbursement of aid (Crawford 1996Í ¾ Epstein 2008). More specifically, Van Dijk (2009) underlines the increasing activities of the Chinese in Africa. Zahariadis et al. (2000) highlight the limited involvement of America on the African continen t, in particular in East Africa. Those studies, when taken together, link directly to the hypothesis of the thesis which focuses on France’s post independence behaviour, and the way in which it contrasts with the aid behaviour or its global peers. French policy makers make decisions and policy that dictate the way in which aid is disbursed, should result in change in instruments used, and the aid tends seen on the ground. However, literature indicates that it often fails to follow the logical, or indicate, pattern.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesJean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. 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Who Is A Leader - 1840 Words

Who is a leader? Some may say a father, a husband, a brother, a friend, or even a mentor can all be leaders. Well for the first 30 years of Steve Job’s life, many of those closest to him would say he was none of the above. In fact it was this time in his life that mattered the most. Since the beginning of birth, every event that occurs leads up for a reason and it’s what you do with those events that help shape the leader you are to become. In Steve Jobs case the outcome of events in his life is what made him such a task-orientated leader. Steve Jobs was feared by many and envied by few, yet at the end of his days he was loved by all. Jobs wasn’t always so gifted and talented and certainly had to work hard for his work. Jobs was adopted as a baby to a lower middle class couple and actually didn’t care about school. It was in fourth grade that his teacher had to bribe him in order for him to get the grades to sufficiently pass. He used this incentive as motivation to not only pass the fourth grade but to even skip the fifth grade and move on straight through middle school. After being fed up with being bullied for being the smart kid, Jobs moved to Los Altos. There he began his love for electronics which only further increased after meeting what would be his lifelong friend Steve Wozniak. From the very beginning Jobs had a taste for money and while he would one day choose to make but only $1 a year for being CEO of Apple he knew he could make it big with Wozniak. This isShow MoreRelatedWho Is A Leader?892 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to be a leader one must have all the answers; however leadership is more about asking questions than it is about giving answers. The truth is that no person will ever have all the answers in every situation. It is through the process of skilled, intellectual inquiry that leaders are able to guide their teams to success. 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James Earl Carter Jr., the 39th President of the United States held office from 1977-1981 and lost his reelection bid due to what was perceived by many as incompetency in his decision making and self induced alienation from potential followers. Carter however, exemplifies the personification of true humanity toward his fellow man in his efforts to eradicate the Guinea Worm and bring women’s rights as the new face for the civil rights movement. Three decades past his presidencyRead MoreWho is a Leader?1332 Words   |  5 Pages Leader is an important person who is responsible in an organization. A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal. â€Å"Culture isn’t simply one aspect of the game, it is the game and once you enter a successful culture, you feel it immediately† (Laurie Hillis, Ma). The quotation are form an article that give the view about the possibilities for a leader to influence people, creating culture an d eliminate culture. 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Why Are Computer Games free essay sample

Computer Games are Just a waste of time and energy. The precedent statement suggest that computer games are wasteful and depletes vast amounts of energy. I beg to differ. Games are not a waste of time, but a time waster if youre stricken with boredom. As well as the cure for monotony, many gamers make money by playing games. Games dont waste your energy, It will Improve and test you physically and/or mentally. It may as well educate you with many life lessons. First of all, a waste of time. I wage that many of the public may agree, but what do they do when they are bored, on a train or bus or even at work?They would pull out their phone and play Angry Birds, or sit back on there office chair and play League of Legends. A waste of time would be getting a metal detector, scanning the backyard for gold, and thinking you found something. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Are Computer Games or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that, you would dig for hours on end, until you come to realization that you found a metal bowl. Now that is a waste of time. Many may argue, but at least having a 100% chance of achieving something in a game would be more exciting then having a 10 % chance to find gold or the missing link. However, by saying that your just virtually achieving pixels may sound wasteful, and low many to propose.But, there are many people who are willing to pay fortunes for these pixels. For example, take games like Team Fortress 2 and Counter Strike:Global Offensive have weapons or weapon skins that they can sell on the community market. Some items range from 1 cent to 1000 dollars. You can also earn money by streaming yourself playing games on websites such as Twitch or even start a Youth channel which will allow you to gain money depending on your views and what ads play on your videos. Games are not waste of time. But establishing this will lead some to counter with ButIt will take up your energy. Valid point, but not flawless. Games can improve many of our aspects. Games like Cysts or Us test our reaction time and thought process. Statecraft improves your strategy. Guns of Cirrus Improves your teamwork. There are many examples of games helping you. To conclude the crux of my argument, Computer games and games overall are not a waste of time or energy, due to the reasons stated above. Many, will argue, many will say that It will Interfere with your school life, you turn dumb. I reply with Benjamin Franklin, need I say more.

Whose Life Is It Anyway

Introduction In the United States, genetic information is generally defined as personal property. Different states, however, use different wordings to imply the same meaning as far as defining genetic information is concerned. In Colorado, genetic information is regarded as the unique property of an individual (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Whose Life Is It Anyway? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Florida, the results of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the exclusive property of an individual. Louisiana provides that an insured’s genetic information is the property of the individual while in Oregon, an individual’s genetic information and DNA sample are the property of the individual except in circumstances where the sample or information is used in anonymous research. According to Thompson and Chadwick (1999), genetic information is considered to be exclusively p ersonal and will enable scientists to identify each human being as genetically unique. It also provides a means to predict to some degree an individual’s future life especially in terms of physical and mental well being. Genetic information often reveals predictors of undesirable sicknesses such as cancer and other conditions that lead to mental illness (Thompson Chadwick, 1999). Access to Personal Genetic Information Due to concerns about the ways in which certain uses of personal genetic information can lead to various kinds of harm to persons, efforts have been made to come up with genetic specific laws (Tavani, 2006). In the United States, various laws exist to protect individuals against having their genetic information used in ways that can adversely affect their lives. The affected individuals may fail to secure employment or they may be denied access to medical insurance. According to Tavani (2006), a total of 41 states in the United States had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination by the year 2006 and 31 others had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination at the work place. Tavani (2006) identified two theories that are associated with informational privacy; the control theory and the restricted access theory. Under the control theory, an individual has privacy if and only if he or she has control over personal information. The restricted access theory states that one has privacy when access to information about him or her is limited or restricted in certain contexts. The control theory recognizes the fact that it is up to an individual to decide who should have access to his or her personal information. An individual can also choose to deny others access to his or her personal information. Restricted access theory on the other hand recognizes the importance of setting up contexts or zones of privacy (Tavani, 2006).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More According to Speaker, Lindee and Hanson (1993), the human genome project poses serious ethical, legal and social problems. Questions such as how information about genetic conditions which can be diagnosed, but not treated, will be handled and about who should have access to genetic information about individuals are of great concern to stake holders (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Research has indicated that many institutions could use new genetic information to exercise control over individuals. Schools, health insurers and the criminal justice system have a stake in predicting and controlling behavior and knowledge of the genetic characteristics of individuals. Based on the genetic information, vulnerable people could be excluded from insurance coverage or students may be put in different academic categories. Some scientists involved in the genome project have suggested that the advantage of a complete genetic map is that it will permit the analysis of the in heritance of traits such as intelligence, personality and mental illness (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Obviously, personal genetic information is personal property and belongs to individuals. However, genetic data may be accessed by different people who by law are allowed to handle such information. These include doctors, insurers, scientists, employers and government agencies. Using Personal Genetic Information According to Speaker, Lindee and Hanson (1993), the fact that genetic information will be used seems indisputable. However, how it will be used remains debatable. It is thus critical to have the issue of ethical implications to the use of genetic information dealt with as fast as possible. As explained earlier, genetic information may be used by different institutions or people and for varying reasons. Scientists will use the information to determine the characteristics of individuals and predict their future behavior, schools may use genetic information to figure out how to categorize students based on their intelligence level and insurers will use it to check whether or not an individual should be insured (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). Relationship between Personal Genetic Information, Individuals and Society Many people are afraid that genetic information may be used by institutions against them. Insurers for example, may end up using genetic data to give medical cover selectively. Children at school may also be discriminated on the basis of genetic information (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Whose Life Is It Anyway? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When information about people’s genetic information is let out into the public domain, the society may start creating categories that could have devastating effects on people. Based on personal genetic information, people may be singled out and treated very unfairly by others. Accordi ng to Jeffords (1998), researchers are particularly concerned that the fear of being discriminated will prevent individuals from participating in research studies or taking advantage of new genetic technologies to improve their medical care. Although scientific research guarantees higher quality of medical care in the future, Jeffords notes that it is only the federal legislation that can assure the public that whatever information is gathered about them is safe (Jeffords, 1998). According to Sateesh (2008), genetic discrimination may be experienced at the work place. He also cites concerns that insurers will use genetic information to deny, limit or cancel insurance policies while employers will use genetic information against existing workers or to screen potential employees. Given that DNA samples can be held indefinitely, there is the added threat that the samples will be used for purposes other than those for which they were collected (Sateesh, 2008). While in power, US Preside nt Bill Clinton signed an executive order prohibiting every federal department and agency from using genetic information in any hiring or promotion action. The order prohibits federal employers from requiring genetic tests as a condition of being hired or using genetic information to classify employees in a manner that deprives them of future opportunities. The order also provides strong privacy protections to any genetic information used for medical treatment and research (Sateesh, 2008). Effect of Genetic Information on Members of Minority Communities Researchers have argued that it is not possible for one to foresee all culturally specific risks that a minority group may face. This may be linked to the fact that minority community members’ perceptions of these risks may have been heightened by their historical experiences of being economically and politically disadvantaged with respect to the majority in the society (Sateesh, 2008). The differences in power and privileges between researchers and socially defined populations that lack significant economic and political resources may affect the ability of the latter to fully conceptualize and negotiate the conditions for research participation, and to take effective action on any subsequent concerns about sample misuse and adverse interpretations of genetic findings (Sateesh, 2008). Because of differences in economic power, researchers may be discouraged from using genetic tests and samples from minority communities. For this reason, community involvement and consultation are very critical during the planning stage of any genetic research. According to Trull (2002), genetic counseling in ethnic minority communities often requires the assistance of a knowledgeable member of the same community.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any efforts from a stranger to penetrate the community may meet serious opposition and from the community members. The confidence of the minority community members can only be guaranteed when one of their own is involved. Part of the time set apart for the research must therefore be used wisely to try and win support from the community. Failure to do this will lead to poor response and a waste of time and resources (Trull, 2002). Murphy and Lappà © (1994) noted that no question is more pressing from the viewpoint of ethnic and racial minorities than understanding the ways in which new genetic knowledge will shape their self understanding and social standing. Concerns raised include whether the knowledge generated by the genome project should be used to identify, classify or label racial or ethnic groups or to establish the boundaries of their membership. When screening programs are undertaken for different groups of people, there are worries as to whether or not traditional, cultur al and political definitions of race should prevail. Minority groups seek to know if the information generated by the genome project will be used to draw new, more precise boundaries regarding membership in existing groups or if individuals who have tried to break their ties with ethnic or racial groups will be forced to confront their biological ancestry and lineage in ways that go against their own self perception and the lives they have built with others (Murphy Lappà ©, 1994). This is particularly important in places where homelands are established based on political considerations or the beliefs of social scientists about minority ethnic identities (Gorenburg, 2003). Conclusion Genetic information has tremendous social power (Speaker, Lindee Hanson, 1993). The wide variety of laws and sources of laws, present a challenge to administer and follow the applicable law or laws. However, protection of genetic information is a major concern for the public and must be handled carefu lly (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001). Rapid advances in genetic research and the emerging applications to medical practice have increased public awareness and public concerns about people that should have access to this information and how it will be used. Even with medical records privacy and confidentiality laws available in some places, possible loss of one’s genetic privacy can greatly influence an individual’s decision to undergo genetic testing. In the year 2001, researchers discovered that about 86% of people surveyed in the United States were concerned that insurers and employers might use genetic information against them (Patel, Roger Haux, 2001). It is quite unfair to allow genetic information to be used to cause harm to an individual (Paola, Walker Nixon, 2009). As a result, those involved with the maintenance and protection of genetic information face a daunting task of ensuring that they provide the protections allowed by their state laws and the Federal gover nment regulations. References Gorenburg, D. P. (2003). Minority ethnic mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jeffords, J. M. (1998). Genetic Information and Health Care: Hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. Murphy, T. F. Lappà ©, M. (1994). Justice and the Human Genome Project. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Paola, F. A., Walker, R. Nixon, L. L. (2009). Medical Ethics and Humanities. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Patel, V. H., Roger, R. Haux, R. (2001). MEDINFO: proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Medical Informatics, Part 2. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Sateesh, M. K. (2008). Bioethics and Biosafety. New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt Ltd Speaker, S. L., Lindee, M. S. Hanson, E. (1993). A guide to the Human Genome Project: technologies, people, and institutions. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Tavani, H. T. (2006). Ethics, com puting, and genomics. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Thompson, A. K. Chadwick, R. F. (1999). Genetic information: Acquisition, Access, and Control. New York: Springer. Trull, A. K. (2002). Biomarkers of Disease: An Evidence-Based Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. This term paper on Whose Life Is It Anyway? was written and submitted by user Salvador Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.